Spiking neural networks (SNNs) running on neuromorphic computers offer an energy-efficient alternative for AI tasks. Recently, spiking graph neural networks (S-GNNs) have been shown to produce ...

“Foundation models are deep neural networks (such as GPT-5, Gemini~3, and Opus~4) trained on large datasets that can perform diverse downstream tasks — text and code generation, question answering, ...

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors ...