The present paper describes the success, the methods (mental, informal written, standard algorithm) and the strategies of informal written arithmetic to be observed when 300 elementary students worked ...

The Common Core State Standards teach students the algorithm for multi-digit addition and subtraction in 4th grade. But some experts say it should be taught sooner.

Counting-on with finger patterns was procedurally efficient enough to be used in instruction in multidigit addition problems; second graders successfully learned to use counting-on with finger ...