After the First Opium War, Britain expected total compliance from China—but when trade access and privileges fell short of expectations, frustration turned into aggression. Using a disputed ship ...

As the world reels from US President Donald Trump's tariffs onslaught, here is a look back at some major trade wars since the 19th century: In the mid-19th century, two conflicts over the opium trade, ...

China’s leader draws on lessons from Lin Zexu, a Qing official whose defiance of Britain led to China’s humiliating defeat but made him a national hero. China’s leader draws on lessons from Lin Zexu, ...

Pharmacologically enhanced militaries -- Alcohol -- From pre-modern times to the end of the Second World War -- Pre-modern times: opium, hashish, mushrooms and coca -- Napoleon in Egypt and the ...