The chemistry of amino acid side chains is critical to protein structure because these side chains can bond with one another to hold a length of protein in a certain shape or conformation.

These bonds are dynamic, rapidly forming and breaking over time as the protein folds. Because it only takes nanoseconds to microseconds for a protein to morph along its path to its final structure, ...

These include wobble base pairs, such as G-U and I-A (inosine-adenine), which have a slightly different geometry and hydrogen bonding pattern. Non-Watson-Crick base pairs can play important roles in ...

which are linked together by peptide bonds and folded into specific three-dimensional structures. Proteins have four levels of structure: primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (local folding ...

Protein folding requires chaperones and often involves stepwise establishment of regular secondary ... by hydrogen bonding and disulphide bridges, and then tertiary structure.