The keen practitioner can gain helpful information simply by assessing pupillary responses. The pupils will offer substantial insight into one’s ocular health and the state of the visual pathways ...

Neural reflex regulation of immune responses depends on the type and tissue compartment of the inflammatory response Although immune cells respond to cholinergic receptor activation, immune organs ...

Activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) blocks splenic-dependent systemic inflammation and acute kidney injury (AKI); non-invasive, nonpharmacological approaches to activate the ...