Millions of tonnes of ‘red mud’, a hazardous waste of aluminium production, are generated annually. A potentially sustainable process for treating this mud shows that it could become a source of iron ...
The rise of the Iron Age —and the complete shift in the way the world worked that it caused—was likely an accident. And according to new research, a copper smelting site used roughly 3,000 years ago ...
Iron ore constituted 93% of total metals mined, emphasizing its crucial role in steel production. Industrial metals like copper and aluminum made up 6.6% of the total, with China leading in aluminum ...