The following formula calculates the cumulative return of the portfolio: Where: TWR = Time-weighted return n = Number of sub-periods HP = (End Value – (Beginning Value + Cash Flow)) / (Beginning ...

The total return is calculated using a time-weighted rate-of-return formula. The returns of the individual stocks are calculated using a simple average, excluding dividends. Dividends are included ...

In general, a company’s WACC is typically considered to be the minimum required return that investors expect to receive for providing capital to the company. This formula calculates a weighted ...

(To derive funds’ aggregate time-weighted return, I calculated the funds’ asset-weighted average net return each month and then compounded the monthly return series.) In other words ...