It’s important to know how much water flow to expect from every hoseline you deploy at a fire, especially if you have multiple sizes and lengths of hose available on your engine. Why? Because the BTU ...

One of the longest lasting debates in the American fire service is the smooth bore vs. fog debate. One of the greatest problems with this debate is that in many areas of today’s fire service, it has ...

Many researchers and subject matter experts (SMEs) agree that 1¾-inch interior handline flows should be between 150–160 gpm. The NFPA included a similar recommendation in NFPA 1710: Standard for the ...

Fireground size-up factors can have varying degrees of impact on a fire. Life safety is always the most important, but achieving all of our incident priorities is highly dependent on many factors: • ...

Optimizing any cooling plant for minimal energy consumption is a demanding science. In many cases, minimizing chiller plant energy consumption requires modifications to the plant design, including ...

You can best test and diagnose a residential hydronic heating system using pressure ports and balancing valves. However, few residential systems have either of these accessories. A commonly ...